Hidrokarbon

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WORKING PAPER CHEMISTRY

                                                                                                                    .

TOPIC : “ HYDROCARBON “

    

 

                                BY :

NAME                               : FRESHYUMANDER

NIM                                   : ACD 111 0013

DAY/TANGGAL             : 4 JUNI 2012

LECTURER COACH     : RAHMAH, S.Si, M.Si

TOPIC                              : HYDROCARBON

                                   

       

UNIVERSITY PALANGKA RAYA
FACULTY TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT MATHEMATICS
2011

I. PREFACE

Hydrocarbon carbon compound group simplest. Only consist of carbon element (C) and hydrogen (H). Although only consist of two element kinds, hydrocarbon is to be a big compound group. In this part, be discussed about classification hodrokarbon, that is alkana, alkena,  and alkuna. Several examples hydrocarbon are : Heksana,  Heksena,  Heksuna,  Heksenuna, and  Benzena.

II. DISCUSSION

1. Hydrocarbon classification

Hydrocarbon classification usually based on carbon chain form and the tie kind. Based on the carbon chain form, hydrocarbon diversifieds to into aliphatic hydrocarbon, alisiklik,  or aromatik. Aliphatic hydrocarbon opened chain hydrocarbon, while hydrocarbon alisiklik and aromatik tie konjugat, that is single tie and double that in a series. The example  benzena. Hydrocarbon alisiklik and aromatik has different characters. Hydrocarbon character alisiklik more resemble with aliphatic hydrocarbon. Name alisklik that declare circle chain existence (siklik),  but in character resemble aliphatic compound.

Based on tie kind delivers the carbon atom, hydrocarbon is discriminated on satisfied and unsatiated. If all carbons ties are single tie (-C-C-), he diversifieds as satisfied hydrocarbon. If found one tie double (-C=C-) or triple tie (-C=C-), he is called unsatiated hydrocarbon.

Fat is part from lipida. Fat usually is trigliserida solid extant in room temperature. Pregnancy trigliserida in fat as big as 98%-99%. Element that consist in in fat covers carbon (C), hydrogen (H),  and oxygen (O). Fat many found in palm oil, peanut, soy bean, corn, butter, margarine, meat,  and chicken. Fat pregnancy varies to every food-stuff.

Fat principal use sebgai energy source. Also be sour source esensial. Sour fat esensial that is sour fat wanted by mortal so much but can not menyentesis by human body. Besides, also berfungsisebagai tool carries away vitamin that dissolve fat, save protein, give full taste and delicacy, as lubricant and digestion remainder expenditure assistant, help to take care body temperature, with body organ patron.

Food not only functioned as a means of food stomach. Economy status and also can be showed by food. By because food function diverse so appear also various olahan new food. New food has value more membanding food that available. Besides, also more give top priority practicability aspect in presentation. Food ready saji (instant food) identical with preservative substance. Besides preservative substance, also often added dye substance, sweetener,  and penyedap into food for taste cloth increase, substances can come from natural substance also product. Several substances compiled by carbon compound. Cittrate example in orange as preservative. Element found in cittrate that is oxygen (o), hydrogen (h),  and karbon(c)

2. Alkana

Alkana be satisfied aliphatic hydrocarbon, that is hydrocarbon with opened chain and all ties carbons be single tie.

Total atom C	Molecul formula	Name
1		Metana
2		Etana
3		Propana
4		Butana
5		Pentana
6		Heksana
7		Heptana
8		Oktana
9		Nonana
10		Dekana

3 Alkena

Alkena aliphatic hydrocarbon unsatiated with one tie double -C=C-. Compound that has two ties double called alkadiena, has three ties double called alkatriena,  and further.

Structure formula	Molecul formula	Name
		Etena
		Propena
		1-Butena

4. Alkuna

Alkuna aliphatic hydrocarbon unsatiated with one triple carbons tie -C=C-. Compound that has two triple carbons ties is called alkadiuna, compound that has one carbons tie double and one triple carbon tie is called alkenuna.

Name	Structure formula	Molekul formula
Etuna
Propuna
1-Butuna

                

A. Hydrocarbon definition

Hydrocarbon a compound that consist of carbon element (C) and hydrogen (H). (carbon atom model and hydrogen displayed)s

One of the simple hydrocarbon compound example methane, with structure formula CH4. (methane compound structure model)

In carbon chemistry we to can inscribe molecule formula and structure formula. Molecule formula declares atom total every existing element in a molecule. While structure formula describes to how those atoms is bound one another. (display for example molecule formula CH4 and structure formula CH4).

B. Hydrocarbon classification

Hydrocarbon divided be two principal groups that is aliphatic hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon aromatik. Belong aliphatic hydrocarbon hydrocarbon that has straight chain, chain branches off or circle chain. While for hydrocarbon aromatik, the chain contains carbon atom ring very stable. (aliphatic hydrocarbon model and aromatik)

C. Molecule formula

1. Alkana

Satisfied hydrocarbon simplest is a compound row that fulfil general formula cnh2n+2 and called alkana or paraffin. First tribe up to 10 compounds alkana obtainable with mensubstitusi price n (n declare carbon atom total found on hydrocarbon compound) and displayed in table next.

first tribe table up to 10 compounds alkana

Suku ke	n	rumus molekul	nama
1	1	CH4	metana
2	2	C2H6	etana
3	3	C3H8	propana
4	4	C4H10	butana
5	5	C5H12	pentana
6	6	C6H14	heksana
7	7	C7H16	heptana
8	8	C8H18	oktana
9	9	C9H20	nonana
10	10	C10H22	dekana

Name gift alkana done with replaced prefix alk- with syllable other based on in price n. To n = 1 until n = 4, prefix alk- successive replaced with met-, et-, prop- and but-. While for carbon atom total five up to ten, used number prefix latin; pent- to 5, heks- to 6, hept- to 7, okt- to 8, non- to 9,  and dek- to 10.

2. Alkena

Belong to hydrocarbon not satisfied that contain one double tie between two atoms c in a series, alkena has 2 atoms h slimmer from alkana. Therefore formula usually be cnh2n+2-2h = cnh2n.

table five first tribes alkena

Suku ke	n	rumus molekul	nama
1	2	CH2 = CH2	etena
2	3	CH2 = CH - CH3	propena
3	4	CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH3	1-butena
4	5	CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3	1-pentena
5	6	CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH2 -CH2 - CH3	1-heksena

3. Alkuna

Alkuna be hydrocarbon compound row not satisfied in every the molecule contains one tie double 3 between two atoms c in a series. To form tie double 3 or 3 covalent bond is need 6 electrons, so that live one electron in every atom c remained to tie up atom h. Atom total h that can be tied to decrease two, so that formula usually be

CnH2n+2 - 4h = CnH2n-2

D. Bomenclature

Hydrocarbon compound name gift customs and manners based on standard that published iupac (international union of pure and applied chemistry) explained as follows.

1. Carbon chain in a series longest in a molecule is determined as mother chain (longest chain not always straight formed, sometimes branch off). Look for the name in first tribe table up to 10 compounds alkana and put at backside.

2. Hydrocarbon branches off given name as straight chain descendant where one or several hydrogen atom is replaced with piece alkana. Piece alkana this called alkyl cluster, usually given sign -r (from radical word),  and has general formula -CnH2n+1

With replaced n with notation is got the terms likes seen in table next. Put this branch cluster name in front of mother chain name.

Table several alkyl clusters

n	-CnH2n+1	Rumus struktur terinci	Rumus struktur sederhana	Nama
1	-CH3	H | - C - H | H	-CH3	metil
2	-C2H5	HH || - C - C - H || HH	-CH2-CH3	etil
3	-C3H7	HHH ||| - C - C - C- H ||| HHH	-CH2-CH2-CH3	propil
4	-C4H9	HHHH |||| - C - C - C - C - H |||| HHHH	-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3	butil

3. To determine branch in mother chain, that mother chain is given number from left or from right so that first branch has smallest number.

Example:

HHHHH
|||||
H - C₅ - C₄ - C₃ - C₂ - C₁ - H
|||||
HHHH-C-HH
|
H

a. Follow first one rule, chain c longest 5, so to follow this table, the name pentana and we put at backside.

b. The branch methyl

c. That branch location is in atom c number two from right (because if from left is number 4).

4. Sometimes found more than one branch. If those branches is same, unnecessary the name is called twice. Enough given prefix -, if 3 branches same the prefix tri-, tetra to 4 branches same and further. Remember every branch is given one number, doesn't care the branch same or difference.

example:

HHHH
||||
H- ¹C  - ²C   -  ³C -  ⁴C - H     2,3-dimetilbutana
||||
HH-C-H H-C-H H
||
HH

a. The long chain 4, so called butane

b. The branch methyl and there two

c. The branch location in atom c number 2 and number 3.

If those branches is differ, so sequence called it to follow the sequence the first font alphabet, ethyl branch is called formerly from methyl branch. (display hydrocarbon compound example alongs with the nomenclature likes in picture at on)

E. Manner composed

How can we get molecule alkana longer from molecule shorter? Change one of [the] atom h from methane with cluster -ch3 so we shall obtain molecule etana. And so do if we replaced one of [the] atom h from etana with cluster -ch3 we shall obtain propana longer the carbon chain one again.

CH3-h replaced with -CH3 got CH3

CH3-ch2-h replaced with -CH3 got CH3-CH2-CH3

You may choose one of the atom H whichever to be replaced with cluster -CH3 and you will get replacement result same.

F. Compound example that contain hydrocarbon

In general, petroleum composition visible in table next:

Komposisi	Persen
Karbon (C)	84 – 87
Hidrogen (H)	11 – 14
Sulfur (S)	0 – 3
Nitrogen (N)	0 – 1
Oksigen (O)	0 – 2

III. CONCLUSION

Hydrocarbon carbon compound group simplest. Only consist of carbon element (C) and hydrogen (H). Classification  hydrokarbon that is alkana, alkena,  and alkuna. Based on the carbon chain form, hydrocarbon diversifieds to into aliphatic hydrocarbon, alisiklik,  or aromatik. Alkana be satisfied aliphatic hydrocarbon, Alkena aliphatic hydrocarbon unsatiated with one tie double -C=C-, Alkuna aliphatic hydrocarbon unsatiated with one triple carbons tie -C=C-.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Purba, Michael. 2006. Kimia untuk SMA Kelas X. Jakarta.Erlangga (halaman 204 - 217)